In this paper we propose a new level set approach to describe not only a flame's surface but also to the flame's spatial distribution.First, we derived the mathematical formulation for a one-dimensional laminar premixed flame, where the steady flame has a finite thickness depending on the diffusion flux whose physical quantity such as tem
Consumer-grade digital cameras suffer from geometrical instability that may cause problems when used in photogrammetric applications.This paper provides a comprehensive review of this issue of interior orientation parameter variation over time, it explains Backpacks the common ways used for coping with the issue, and describes the existing methods
The energy absorption of concrete filled, hollow-steel bracing was analyzed respect to geometric and mechanical parameters including the width-to-thickness section ratio, slenderness level, and strength of the steel and concrete.Local buckling and ductility were also investigated with respect to variation in the cross-section.The infill increased t
The potential usefulness of relatively simple pore microstructures such as parallel, identical, inclined slits for creating broadband sound absorption has been argued through analytical models.In principle, such microstructures could be realised through budget additive manufacturing.However, validation of the analytical predictions through normal i
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and Exendin-4 (EX-4) play beneficial roles in promoting periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) osteogenic differentiation, while the detailed mechanism has not been clarified.In this study, we aimed to evaluate the biological mechanism of SDF-1 and EX-4 alone or synergistic application in regulating PDLSCs di